International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 1309-0682

Orjinal Araştırma Makalesi | Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi 2016, Cil. 10(19) 39-52

Academic Procrastination: The Role of Metacognitive Awareness and Educational Stress

Özkan ÇİKRIKCİ

ss. 39 - 52   |  Makale No: mjer.2016.003

Yayın tarihi: Eylül 20, 2016  |   Okunma Sayısı: 761  |  İndirilme Sayısı: 1198


Özet

The aim of this study was investigate the academic procrastination in terms of metacognitive awareness and educational stress. The 273 high school students were attended the current study that was based on a correlation model. Academic Procrastination Scale, Metacognitive Awareness Scale and Educational Stress Scale were used in this study. Data were analyzed by using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis. Results were revealed significant correlations among academic procrastination, metacognitive awareness and educational stress. Academic procrastination correlated negatively with metacognitive awareness; however it correlated positively with educational stress. Results taken from the multiple linear regression analysis showed that metacognitive awareness and educational stress accounted for 20% of total academic procrastination variance. Metacognitive awareness and educational stress made a significant and distinctive contribution to the model. These findings were discussed about the relevant literature and new directions were suggested for further studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Academic Procrastination, Metacognitive Awareness, Educational Stress, Correlational Model


Bu makaleye nasıl atıf yapılır?

APA 6th edition
CIKRIKCI, O. (2016). Academic Procrastination: The Role of Metacognitive Awareness and Educational Stress. Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(19), 39-52.

Harvard
CIKRIKCI, O. (2016). Academic Procrastination: The Role of Metacognitive Awareness and Educational Stress. Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(19), pp. 39-52.

Chicago 16th edition
CIKRIKCI, Ozkan (2016). "Academic Procrastination: The Role of Metacognitive Awareness and Educational Stress". Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi 10 (19):39-52.

Kaynakça
  1. Agolla, J. E. (2009). Occupational stress among poliçe officers: The case of Botswana Police Service. Research Journal of Business Management, 3(1), 25-35. doi: 10.3923/rjbm.2009.25.35. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  2. Agolla, J. E., & Ongori, H. (2009). An assessment of academic stress among undergraduate students: The case of University of Botswana. Educational Research and Review, 4(2), 63-70. [Google Scholar]
  3. Akgün, S., & Ciarrochi, J. (2003). Learned resourcefulness moderates the relationship between academic stress and academic performance. Educational Psychology: An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 23(3), 287-294. doi: 10.1080/0144341032000060129. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  4. Akın, A., Abaci, R., & Çetin, B. (2007). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the metacognitive awareness inventory. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 7(2), 671-678. [Google Scholar]
  5. Akın, A., Gediksiz, E., Arslan, S., & Akın, Ü. (2012, June). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Education Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA). Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on New Horizons in Education, Prague, Czech Republic. Abstract retrieved from http://www.int- e.net/publications/inte2012.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  6. Anderson, D., & Walker, R. (1991). The effects of metacognitive training on the approaches to learning and academic achievement of beginning teacher education students. Paper presented at the Australian Teacher Education Association, Melbourne. [Google Scholar]
  7. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorenson, C. K. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. [Google Scholar]
  8. Balkıs, M., Duru, E., Buluş, M., & Duru, S. (2006). An investigation of the academic procrastination among university students in related to various variables. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 7(2), 57-73. [Google Scholar]
  9. Blank, L. M. (2000). A metacognitive learning cyde: A better warranty for student understanding? Science Education, 84, 486-506. doi: 10.1002/1098-237X(200007). [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  10. Brown, C. J. (1983). The joys of Fs: A student guide for getting lousy grades. Teaching of Psychology, 10, 176-177. doi: 10.1207/s15328023top1003_19. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  11. Brownlow, S., & Reasinger, R. D. (2000). Putting off until tomorrow what is better done today: Academic procrastination as a function of motivation toward college work. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 15-34. [Google Scholar]
  12. Burka, J. B., & Yuen, L. M. (1990). Procrastination: Why do you do it, what to do about it (2nd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar]
  13. Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995). Feedback and self-regulated learning: a theoretical synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 65(2), 245-282. doi: 10.3102/00346543065003245. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  14. Buys, N. J., & Winefield, A. H. (1982). Learned helplessness in high school students following experience of [Google Scholar]
  15. noncontingent rewards. Journal of Research in Personality, 16(1), 118-127. doi: 10.1016/0092-6566(82)90045-9. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  16. Çakıcı, D. Ç. (2003). An examination of the general procrastination behavior and academic procrastination behavior in high-school and university students . Unpublished Master Thesis, Ankara, Turkey. [Google Scholar]
  17. Çam, Z. (2013). Big five personality traits as a predictor of general and academic procrastination behaviors among adolescents. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 2(2), 89-96. [Google Scholar]
  18. Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270-295. doi: 10.1006/ceps.2001.1094. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  19. Chissom, B., & Iran-Nejad, A. (1992). Development of an instrument to assess learning strategies. Psychological Reports, 71, 1001-1002. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3.1001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  20. Çikrıkci, Ö. (2012). The predictive strength of metacognitive awareness and self-efficacy beliefs on life satisfaction among gifted students. Unpublished Master Thesis. Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. [Google Scholar]
  21. Clark, E. L., & Rieker, P. P. (1986). Differences in relationships and stress of medical and law students. Journal of Medical Education, 61, 32-40. [Google Scholar]
  22. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. [Google Scholar]
  23. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th ed.). New York: Routledge Falmer. [Google Scholar]
  24. Coutinho, S. A. (2007). The relationship between goals, metacognition, and academic success. Educate, 7(1), 39-47. [Google Scholar]
  25. Day, V., Mensink, D., & O'Sullivan, M. (2000). Patterns of academic procrastination. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 30, 120-134. [Google Scholar]
  26. Ellis, A., & Knaus, W. J. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. New York: A Signet Book. [Google Scholar]
  27. Felsten, G., & Wilcox, K. (1992). Influences of stress, situation-spedfic mastery beliefs and satisfaction with sodal support on well-being and academic performance. Psychological Reports, 70,219-303. doi.10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.291. [Google Scholar]
  28. Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self- awareness, and self-handicapping components. Journal of Research in Personality, 26, 75-84. doi: 10.101670092- 6566(92)90060-H. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  29. Ferrari, J. R., & Beck, B. (1998). Affective responses before and after fraudulent excuses by academic procrastinators. Education, 118 (4), 529-537. [Google Scholar]
  30. Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment. New York: Plenum Press. [Google Scholar]
  31. Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (4nd ed.). London: Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
  32. Fletcher, T. D., Major, D. A., & Davis, D. D. (2008). The interactive relationship of competitive dimate and trait competitiveness with workplace attitudes, stress, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(7), 899-922. doi: 10.1002/job.503. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  33. Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Procrastination, negative selfevaluation, and stress in depression and anxiety: A review and preliminary model. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 137-167). New York: Plenum Press. [Google Scholar]
  34. Grecco, P. R. (1984). A cognitive-behavioral assessment of problematic academic procrastination: development of a procrastination self- statement inventory. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology - Fresno. [Google Scholar]
  35. Güler, D., & Çakır, G. (2013). Examining predictors of test anxiety levels among 12th grade high school student. Turkish Psychological Counselling and Guindance Journal, 4(39), 82-94. [Google Scholar]
  36. Harriott, J., & Ferrari, J. R. (1996). Prevalence of procrastination among samples of adults. Psychological Reports, 78, 611-616. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.611. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  37. Hartman, H. J. (1998). Metacognition in teaching and learning: An introduction. Instructional Science, 26, 1-3. [Google Scholar]
  38. Haycock, L. A. (1993). The cognitive mediation of procrastination: an investigation of the relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy beliefs. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota. [Google Scholar]
  39. Haycock, L. A., McCarthy, P., & Skay, C. L. (1998). Procrastination in college students: The role of self-efficacy and anxiety. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76, 317-324. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1998.tb02548.x [Google Scholar]
  40. Hess, B., Sherman, M. F., & Goodman, M. (2000). Eveningness predicts academic procrastination: The mediating role of neurotidsm. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 61-74. [Google Scholar]
  41. Huan, V. S., See, Y. L., Ang, R. P., & Har, C. W. (2008). The impact of adolescent concerns on their academic stress. Educational Review, 60, 169-178. doi:10.1080/00131910801934045. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  42. Hung, C. L. (2011). Coping Strategies of Primary School Teachers In Taiwan Experiencing Stress Because of Teacher Surplus, Social Behavior and Personality, 39, 1161-1174. [Google Scholar]
  43. Johnson, J. L., & Bloom, A. M. (1995). An analysis of the contribution of the five factors of personality to variance in academic procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(1), 127-133. doi: 10.1016/0191- 8869(94)00109-6. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  44. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. [Google Scholar]
  45. Landine, J., & Stewart, J. (1998). Relationship between metacognition, motivation, locus of control, self-efficacy and academic achievement. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 32(3), 200-212. [Google Scholar]
  46. Lay, C. H. (1986). At least my research on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 474-495. doi: 10.1016/0092-6566(86)90127-3. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  47. Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Stress and emotion: A new Synthesis. New York: Springer Publishing Company. [Google Scholar]
  48. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. [Google Scholar]
  49. Lee, E. (2005). The relationship of motivation and flow experience to academic procrastination in university students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 166(1), 5-15. DOI: 10.3200/GNTP.166.1.5-15 [Google Scholar]
  50. McCown, W., Petzel, T., & Rupert, P. (1987). An experimental study of some hypothesized behaviors and personality variables of college student procrastinators. Personality and Individual Differences, 8(6), 781-786. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(87)90130-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  51. McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry (6th ed.). New York: Pearson Education. [Google Scholar]
  52. Milgram, N., Marshevsky, S., & Sadeh, C. (1995). Correlates of academic procrastination: Discomfort, task aversiveness, and task capability. The Journal of Psychology,        129(2),      145-155. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1995.9914954 [Google Scholar]
  53. Milgram, N., Mey-Tal, G., & Levison, Y. (1998). Procrastination, generalized or specific, in college students and their parents. Personality and Individual Differences, 25 (2), 297-316. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00044-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  54. Misra, R., & Castillo, L. G. (2004). Academic stress among college students: Comparison of American and International Students. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(2), 132-148. doi: 10.1037/1072­5245.11.2.132. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  55. Odacı, H. (2011). Academic self-efficacy and academic procrastination as predictors of problematic internet use in university students. Computers & Education, 57, 1109-1113. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.01.005. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  56. Odacı, H., & Çikrıkci, Ö. (2012). University students' ways of coping with stress, life satisfaction, and subjective well-being. The Online Journal of Counseling and Education, 1(3), 117-130. [Google Scholar]
  57. Öngen, D. E. (2006). The relationships between self-criticism, submissive behavior and depression among [Google Scholar]
  58. Turkish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 793-800. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.013 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  59. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2000) Academic procrastinators and perfectionistic tendendes among graduate students. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 15 (5), 103-110. [Google Scholar]
  60. Owens, A. M., & Newbegin, I. (1997). Procrastination in high school achievement: A casual structural model. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12(4), 869-887. [Google Scholar]
  61. Piccarelli, R. (2003). How to overcome procrastination. The American Salesman, 48(5), 27-29. [Google Scholar]
  62. Rabin, L. A., Fogel, J., & Nutter-Upham, K. E. (2011). Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self-reported executive function. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(3), 344-357. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2010.518597. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  63. Ramsay, J. R. (2002). A cognitive therapy approach for treating chronic procrastination and avoidance: Behavioral activation interventions. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, & Sociometry, 55(2), 79-92. [Google Scholar]
  64. Rice, K. G., Neimeyer, G. J., & Taylor, J. M. (2011). Efficacy of coherence therapy in the treatment of procrastination and perfectionism. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 2(2), 126-136. doi: 10.1177/2150137811417975. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  65. Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakabi, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(4), 387-394. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.33.4.387. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  66. Saddler, C. D., & Sacks, L. A. (1993). Multidimensional perfectionism and academic procrsatination: Relationships with depression in university student. Psychological Reports, 73, 863-871. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1993.73.3.863. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  67. Schouwenburg, H. C., Lay, C., Pychyl, T. A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2004). Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings. Washington: American Psychological Association. [Google Scholar]
  68. Schraw, G. (1998). Promoting general metacognitive awareness. Instructional Science,                26(1-2), 113-125. doi: 10.1023/A:1003044231033 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  69. Schraw, G. (2009). A conceptual analysis of five measures of metacognitive monitoring. Metacognition Learning, 4(1), 33-45. doi: 10.1007/s11409-008-9031-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  70. Schraw, G., & Graham, T. (1997). Helping gifted students develop metacognitive awareness. Roeper Review, 20(1), 4-8. doi: 10.1080/02783199709553842 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  71. Schraw, G., & Sperling-Dennison, R. (1994). Assessing metacognitive awareness. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 19(4), 460-475. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1994.1033. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  72. Schraw, G., Wadkins, T., & Olafson, L. (2007). Doing the things we do: A grounded theory of academic procrastination. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 12-25. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.12. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  73. Schubert, W., Lilly, J., & Stewart, D. W. (2000). Overcoming the powerlessness of procrastination. Guidance and Counseling, 16(1), 39-43. [Google Scholar]
  74. Senecal , C., Koestner, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (1995). Self-regulation and academic procrastination. Journal of Social Psychology, 135(5), 607-619. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1995.9712234 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  75. Senecal, C., Vallerand, R. J., & Guay, F. (2001). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: toward a motivational model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 176-186. doi: 10.1177/0146167201272004. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  76. Sharma, M., & Kaur, G.(2011). Gender differences in procrastination and academic stress among adolescents. Indian Journal of Social Science Researches, 8(1-2), 122-127. [Google Scholar]
  77. Sigall, H., Kruglanski, A., & Fyock, J. (2000). Wishful thinking and procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 283-296. [Google Scholar]
  78. Sirois, F. M. (2007). 'Tll look after my health later": A replication and extension of the procrastination-health model with community-dwelling adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 15-26. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.003. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  79. Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003). 'Tll look after my health later": An investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(5), 1167- 1184. doi: 10.1016/S0191- 8869(02)00326-4. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  80. Sloboda, J. A. (1990). Combating examination stress among university students: Action research in an instutional context. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 18, 124-136. doi: 10.1080/03069889008253567. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  81. Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503-509. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  82. Stead, R., Shanahan, M. J., & Neufeld, R. W. J. (2010). Tll go to therapy, eventually": Procrastination, stress, and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 175-180. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.028. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  83. Struthers, C. W., Perry, R. P., & Menec, V. H. (2000). An examination of the relationship among academic stress, coping, motivation, and performance in college. Research in Higher Education, 41(5), 581-592. doi: 10.1023/A:1007094931292. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  84. Suldo, S. M., Shaunessy, E., & Hardesty, R. (2008). Relationships among stress, coping, and mental health in high- achieving high school students. Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 273-290. doi: 10.1002/pits.20300. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  85. Sun, J., Dunne, M. P., Hou, X., & Xu, A. (2011). Educational stress scale for adolescents: Development, validity, and reliability with Chinese students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(6), 534-546. doi: 10.1177/0734282910394976. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  86. Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. [Google Scholar]
  87. Tolor, A., & Murphy, V. M. (1985). Stress and depression in high school students. Psychological Reports, 57, 535­541. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1985.57.2.535. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  88. Tyrrell, J. (1992). Sources of stress among psychology undergraduates. Irish Journal of Psychology, 13, 184-192. doi: 10.1080/03033910.1992.10557878. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  89. Uzun-Özer, B. (2009). Academic procrastination in group of high school students: Frequency, possible reasons and role of hope. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(32), 12-19. [Google Scholar]
  90. Uzun Özer, B., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Reducing academic procrastination through a group treatment program: A pilot study. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. doi: 10.1007/s10942-013-0165- 0. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  91. Uzun Özer, B., Demir, A., Ferrari, J. R. (2009). Exploring academic procrastination among Turkish students: Possible gender differences in prevalence and reasons. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 241-257, DOI: 10.3200/SOCP.149.2.241-257 [Google Scholar]
  92. Wellman, H. M. (1990). The child's theory of mind. San Diego: Academic Press. [Google Scholar]
  93. Wesley, J. C. (1994). Effect of ability, high school achievement, and procrastinatory behavior on college performance. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54(2), 404-408. doi: 10.1177/0013164494054002014. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  94. Wolters, C.A. (2003). Understanding procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective. Journal of [Google Scholar]
  95. Educational Psychology, 95(1), 179-187. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.179. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  96. Yıldırım, I., & Ergene, T. (2003). Sodal support, submissive acts, and test anxiety as predictors of academic achievement among high school students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 25, 224-234. [Google Scholar]
  97. Zimmerman, B. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3-17. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  98. Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Self-efficacy: An essential motive to learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 82­91. doi: 10.1006/cpes.1999.1016. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  99. Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Self-efficacy: An essential motive to learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 82­91. doi: 10.1006/cpes.1999.1016. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]